Wednesday, July 24, 2019
January 12, 1947
We have moved from Hoechst to Karlsruhe. We are billeted in Durlach, about 6 miles away. In order for us to have our places to live, the Germans were cleared out of their houses, and the "organizing" or what was really looting of furniture reminded me of the tales I heard of Oynhausen (headquarters of the British army of occupation - this is what one article said about it: After the war the city was closed for the people of Bad Oeynhausen, and 2/3 of the inner city was fenced in with barbed wire. The people in this area had to leave their homes within 24 hours and what was left in the houses was burned by some (not all) of the British soldiers, regardless of being precious, sentimental or important to the owners. Also excrement was deposited in rooms or on beds......you see, not all the houses were used for accommodation.). The Germans sent protest telegram to their minister presidents, but the army wanted us there. One tried to evacuate Nazis and exempted politically sound people as far as possible, but the fact remains, that the people had to leave most of their belongings in their homes.
I cannot understand what delays my visa so badly. I write and cable to Washington, but so far without success. I hope this year will see me in the states.
I heard from my friend who lives in southern California. She writes a very interesting description of life there as follows: "I hope you will visit here for a while to gape and marvel and shake your head at southern California, and wonder whether the Creator in His whim has fashioned it as a kind of funny relief to Europe of the present. Life here is so much "the other side of the coin" that it really looks as if it had been done on purpose. I never knew that sun, warmth, and abundance of food and goods could do so little to remedy the core irritation and dissatisfaction in people's lives. But there it is, undiminished - let me explain. One of Los Angeles' biggest newspaper men, Manchester Boddy (read about Manchester Boddy ), wrote from Berlin the other day, that when he saw the tired food queue in front of a baker's shop break up in anger and disappointment because the rations had given out and they had waited for hours in vain and had to go home hungry, he was reminded of the same sights he had seen time and again at the ticket counters in Los Angeles before the annual football match. Reading such a comparison before I got here would have outraged me. Now I understand only too well what Boddy means, for similar comparisons simply force themselves upon me every day.
At first you will enjoy it all tremendously. You will love the pretty practical house of our neighbor the truck driver. You will enjoy the ever-ready sun and the orange trees full of fruit, and the roses and carnations that will be flowering for your welcome as much as they are flowering now on the 2nd of February. A neighbor, an old woman, who had lived in Frankfurt throughout the war and gone through the whole post-war period, found sunny, abundant, overfed Los Angeles too much to bear. She now sits in her luxurious room or under the laden orange trees in the garden wrapped up in a desperate melancholia, a woman who was never given to deep brooding before in her life."
Thursday, July 4, 2019
February 6, 1947
I still have not gotten my visa as my quota is oversubscribed. The Department of Commerce has taken us over, and started the Publications Board Microfilm Program. I am now coordinator for metals, minerals, and machinery for the microfilm program. We work in the three western zones exclusively. I meet the best German scientists, write reports on subjects in my line, and can study this strange life in Europe. I supervise 15 of our screeners, discuss their problems and targets, and visit the targets myself. In addition to writing reports on special aspects of German metallurgical industry or science, we now screen and film all German documents in industrial establishments, universities, research centers, etc. The DOC is publishing a weekly bibliography and anybody in the States or England can order copies of the films on the latest German research in almost an field. You can now read about the latest research on rubber conducted by IG Farben, or order the film on aluminum cladding or on synthetic shoe polish. Krupps latest research on deep drawing steels or low temperature steels is thus made available. (Speaking of Krupps, I heard from my friend that her cousin, Dr Benno Strauss, who was the inventor of Stainless Steel and director of Krupp before the war, died in 1944 in a concentration camp after being denied a visa to the US. )
I visited hamburg and the Ruhr last week hamburg was bitterly cold. People were skating and bicycling on the frozen lake. People can only heat their dining rooms and their bedrooms are around the freezing point. The condition in The Rhineland is awful. I remember when I read about famine in China and it sounded very sad, but did not affect me too much- it was too far away. That is different now, you see workers at the furnaces who can't carry on after a few hours work. You speak to a manager of a factory who tells you that he and his family of three had three beet roots for last two days and nothing else. Rooms are without light and heat and the people are without hope.
Germany is in a rotten position now, particularly the British Zone is on the brink of collapse. There are regulations forbidding all kind of essential production. There is a lack of mining machinery and of skilled miners. Many have been killed and many are POW's in Russia or France. Those who are left have no incentive to work, and not enough food to keep them fit. The machinery is worn out, and replacement can't be made because the machine factories do not produce anything. There is an influx of refugees from the East. The black market flourishes. One carton of cigarettes sells at 1000 to 1200 marks in the British Zone, at 500 in our zone, where conditions are better and supply is greater. In the British zone, ration cards are often not honored. I do not pity the Germans, but it was bad policy to let things go so far and now one has to start with loans and imports to get the country going. In addition, the presence of a slum in the center of Europe can't be anything but a source for more trouble. So far, Germany has not gone communist because the conditions in the Russian Zone are even worse than in the British. It reminds one of Nazi Germany, people are scared to speak in the train cars, they are taken from their homes and shipped to Russia or lose their jobs because they do not join the party. Our Zone is by far the best run, partly because it was less destroyed and had more agriculture, and partly because the US government realized much earlier than the British that we can control German industry at a top level, but we have not enough good men to spare to run and manage it. The British had too many second and third rate people over here, made them managers of big plants, and they don't know any details of production, but know enough about essentials. The British have lost most of the good will they held a year ago, and the chief problem will exist in a year or two, what kind of philosophy or way of life will the Germans choose. The Russians will certainly try to demonstrate theirs. I personally do not think that free trade and private enterprise will succeed in Germany, if the British have nationalized the coal mines in the Ruhr and the Russians all the industry in their zone. The competition will be between planned democracy, and communism. Democracy does not seem to mean much to the average German as it brought worse living conditions than ever, he thinks.The communists are clever and absolutely unscrupulous. I sometimes wonder whether and when we shall see another war. I don't see how one can cooperate with people who have no moral principles at all.
I have also recently been to Brussels. It is an amazing place, full of the newest motorcars, light, unrationed food and clothes, oranges and sweets and hundreds of things I have not seen since 1938 can be bought there, rather expensively, but quite unrationed. I was asked to visit an Aluminum foil plant in the French zone, in which US industry, apparently, is interested and to report on it. But I can hardly imagine that German rolling mills, eight or ten years old, can be very useful for the US Industry.
I visited hamburg and the Ruhr last week hamburg was bitterly cold. People were skating and bicycling on the frozen lake. People can only heat their dining rooms and their bedrooms are around the freezing point. The condition in The Rhineland is awful. I remember when I read about famine in China and it sounded very sad, but did not affect me too much- it was too far away. That is different now, you see workers at the furnaces who can't carry on after a few hours work. You speak to a manager of a factory who tells you that he and his family of three had three beet roots for last two days and nothing else. Rooms are without light and heat and the people are without hope.
Germany is in a rotten position now, particularly the British Zone is on the brink of collapse. There are regulations forbidding all kind of essential production. There is a lack of mining machinery and of skilled miners. Many have been killed and many are POW's in Russia or France. Those who are left have no incentive to work, and not enough food to keep them fit. The machinery is worn out, and replacement can't be made because the machine factories do not produce anything. There is an influx of refugees from the East. The black market flourishes. One carton of cigarettes sells at 1000 to 1200 marks in the British Zone, at 500 in our zone, where conditions are better and supply is greater. In the British zone, ration cards are often not honored. I do not pity the Germans, but it was bad policy to let things go so far and now one has to start with loans and imports to get the country going. In addition, the presence of a slum in the center of Europe can't be anything but a source for more trouble. So far, Germany has not gone communist because the conditions in the Russian Zone are even worse than in the British. It reminds one of Nazi Germany, people are scared to speak in the train cars, they are taken from their homes and shipped to Russia or lose their jobs because they do not join the party. Our Zone is by far the best run, partly because it was less destroyed and had more agriculture, and partly because the US government realized much earlier than the British that we can control German industry at a top level, but we have not enough good men to spare to run and manage it. The British had too many second and third rate people over here, made them managers of big plants, and they don't know any details of production, but know enough about essentials. The British have lost most of the good will they held a year ago, and the chief problem will exist in a year or two, what kind of philosophy or way of life will the Germans choose. The Russians will certainly try to demonstrate theirs. I personally do not think that free trade and private enterprise will succeed in Germany, if the British have nationalized the coal mines in the Ruhr and the Russians all the industry in their zone. The competition will be between planned democracy, and communism. Democracy does not seem to mean much to the average German as it brought worse living conditions than ever, he thinks.The communists are clever and absolutely unscrupulous. I sometimes wonder whether and when we shall see another war. I don't see how one can cooperate with people who have no moral principles at all.
I have also recently been to Brussels. It is an amazing place, full of the newest motorcars, light, unrationed food and clothes, oranges and sweets and hundreds of things I have not seen since 1938 can be bought there, rather expensively, but quite unrationed. I was asked to visit an Aluminum foil plant in the French zone, in which US industry, apparently, is interested and to report on it. But I can hardly imagine that German rolling mills, eight or ten years old, can be very useful for the US Industry.
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